11th September 2001 was just like any other bright morning in many regions of United State. People started their day in normal routine, however no one was aware of the fact that after some time this day was going to become a memorable day in history of America and would have a profound effect globally. On September 11, 2001 American Airline Flight 11 flow into the North Tower of World Trade Center. At first many believed that it was an accident that occured due to the pilot's mistake. In few minutes there was billowing smoke. Cameramen and photographers reached the site to capture the incident. Many journalists were busy in filming and snapping photos. In the mean while around 09:02 AM United Airline Flight 175 hit the tower from the South side. It was now clear to all that America was under attack.

People were shocked by the two consecutive accidents and before they can absorb the shock another strike was being executed. Americans were unaware that American Airline Flight 77 moved toward Washington D.C at 09:37 Am, is being flown to Pentagon. People were scared that other planes that may have being hijacked were not reported. The passengers on United Airlines Flight 93 soon start getting calls from their loved ones, learning that plane had indeed been hijacked. They were told about the earlier attacks. The passengers on Flight 93 refused their plane to hurt Americans they retook the plane crashing it into a field near Shanks Ville, Pennsylvania, instead of allowing hijackers to hit their target. They all died as heroes when they sacrificed their lives for their nation. Subsequently U.S. Airspace was closed down.

Police officers, fire fighters, paramedics, construction workers and every one else risked their lives to evacuate people from the burning and badly damaged building. Thousands of innocent people were murdered on American soil. Scores of people lost their parents, children, siblings and friends. Not only Americans but the whole world reacted to this life taking incident. All Americans banded together to help each other through this harrowing event. People throughout the world protested against this cruelty towards humanity. Americans were touched by the sincere feeling and condolence shared by one hundred other nations. Hearing their national Anthem in other countries brought tears to eyes of many. They all ran to help America face the atrocities of September 11.

11 September 2001 became an unforgettable day for the whole world. It was the day which changed the world. The united State once again became united in fight of life. Nearly 3000 Americans lost their life in this unprovoked and unprecedented attack. Nearly 6291 people got injured.

White house is recognized as the symbol of President, President’s administration and of the United States in general for more than 200 years. To the world it is not just the home of the President and their families but it has stood for the symbol of Presidency, the United States government and the American people. Its history began when President George Washington signed an act of congress in December 1790. According to this Act the federal government would reside in a district not exceeding ten mile squares on the river Potomac. The site for the new residence was chose by President together with the city planner. A competition was held to find a builder for building the new President's house. Nine people submitted their proposals. James Habon was one of them. His name was selected for the White house building. He was born an Irish and was an architecture by profession. He was awarded a gold medal for his work.

Construction of white house started when the cornerstone was laid in October 1792. President Washington watched over the construction of the building. White house construction completed in 1800. President John Adams and his wife Abigail were its first residents. All its construction was done in time of President Washington but he himself never lived in it. Every President since has made their own changes and additions in their times. White house is not only the private home of the President but also private residence of the head of state which is open to the public free of charge.

White house was burned by the British in 1814 during the Presidency of the James Madison. The original color of the White house was gray color of the sandstones from which it was constructed. But when it was rebuilt it was repainted white to cover the smoke marks. It requires 570 gallons of paints to cover its outside surface. The White House has 132 rooms, 35 bathrooms, and 6 levels in residence. White house was given different names. In start it was named President Palace then after some time it got fame as President house and later on Executive mansion. At last it was officially named White house in 1901. There are a variety of recreations available in White House which includes tennis court, Jogging track, swimming pool, movie theater and bowling lane.

Achievement of Full Employment
The foremost and the basic objective of the study of macro economics is to understand the ways by which full employment level can be achieved or alternatively the problem of unemployment is to be tackled. The higher the level of employment is, the higher will be the gross domestic product (G.D.P) or national output of a country. At higher income level, the consumption of the people would go up due to which their standard of living will rise. This will result in the prosperity of the people. Thus, in the third world countries in particular, the economic policies should be devised in such a way that more than 95% of the labor force can be provided with jobs.

Achievement of Price Stability or Control of Inflation
When the rate of increase in money supply is larger than the growth rate of output, general price level in the country will go up and this tendency may continue for years. The persistent rise in the general price is termed as inflation. Whenever there is an inflationary spiral in a country, it renders fixed income or salaried group to be poorer than before. Creditors remain at loss and they tend to compensate it by increasing the rate of interest on loans. In macro sense, aggregate investment, income and employment level fall resulting thereby a sharp inequality of income distribution. Thus, in this situation, government is required to devise sound monetary and fiscal policies to bring the rate of inflation at its lowest ebb so as to ensure economic growth and development.

Achievement of Balance of Payments Equilibrium
When the import payments of a country are larger that its export receipts, its balance of payments falls in deficit which ultimately brings a sharp reduction in its foreign exchange reserves. Thus, the country is forced to seek loans from foreign countries. External value of the currency is depreciated which as a consequence brings waves of inflationary spiral in the country. In this situation, what is required is that government should devise sound commercial policies so that demand for exports rises and that of imports falls and thereby the adverse balance of payments situation is rectified.

Achievement of Growth and Development
When the growth rate of real G.N.P of a country is consistently larger than the growth rate of population, the real per capita income of the people rises over a long period of time which is termed as growth and development in the economy of a country. This brings in prosperity and a rise in the standard of living of the people. In macro economics, we study the policies which lead to the most appropriate exploitation of natural, human and capital resources of a country to increase its production level. This process is initiated to ensure rapid growth and development in the country.

Blood cells in the body are produce by the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the material in the center of the bones. In bone marrow there is the stem cell. These stem cells when get mature they give birth to different type of cells. White blood cells, red blood cells platelets. White blood cells fight against the body infection. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the all tissues of the body. Platelet helps to control bleeding. These cells are produce in the ratio the body required them. In Leukemia the production of these blood get disturb because bone marrow start producing abnormal white blood cells. These abnormal cells are called Leukemia cells.

Blood cancer is basically called Leukemia. In Leukemia the body ability to fight against the infection. And to heal up itself decreases. Or in other words we can say Leukemia decreases the body immunity. In Leukemia body produces too many white blood cells. Leukemia effect both children’s and adults.

Leukemia has 4 major types and then subtypes.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

But the two major types are Acute Lymphocytic Chronic Lymphocytic. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia spread quickly as compare to the Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Acute Lymphocytic is mostly found in children. Leukemia patient might have that disease because of family history. Or it might be caused due to exposure to high level radiations. Medicines which are used for the different type of cancer can also be the reasons foe Leukemia.

Like all normal blood cells the Leukemia cells move through out the body. They Symptoms of Leukemia depend on where these cells get accumulated. Some common Symptoms of Leukemia includes night sweating, tired feelings, pain in joints and bones, abdomen swelling, easily bleeding, fever, frequent infections, weight loss etc. The diagnosis of Leukemia is done by biopsy of bone marrow. The treatment of Leukemia depends on its type, its stage and age of the patient. Chemotherapy, bone marrow transplants these are the some treatment done for Leukemic patient. The type of the treatment depends on the stage of the Leukemia.

Unemployment is a situation when people of the society are out of work. Unemployment is one of the very big problems which world is facing. The world rich countries like U.S, U.K economies are also suffering from unemployment. It will be not wrong to say that unemployment is a social evil which eat up the economies. Asia is one of those continents where unemployment is at its peak. The economic situation of the world today show that unemployment is something that anyone of us can face at any stage of life. What we have today in our hand we can’t be sure of it tomorrow due to economic crisis going on around the world economy.

The ratio of the unemployment is increasing day by day there are many reason behind this. The very first reason is that our education system does not match our needs. More attention is on the general and liberal education. Second reason is that money circulation is in few hands. The key industries are in hand of few privileged people. There is a lot of talent in our youngster but opportunities are very few. They are not given the chance to prove themselves. The other reason of increase in the ratio of unemployment is the increasing population of the world. Our economy is not growing at the rate the population of world is increasing. As result of this the supply for goods and services is getting insufficient for the people as compare to demand. Brain drainage is also a reason of increasing unemployment. Many skilled people go abroad for education. But they do not return back to serve their nation. As a result the ratio of talented people and investment decreases. Political changes are also the cause of increasing unemployment ratio. Due to unstable political environment people hesitate to invest. Discouraging women to come into economic race is also the reason of unemployment. There is very little percentage of working women in our society. Usually they are thought to be week and not that much talented to earn. This is very wrong concept. If women are Encourage to get education and then do jobs it will help a lot. It will not only make the economic condition good but also the number of educated people in society will increase.

A hole or structural damage to the teeth is called cavities. Alternative name for the cavities is tooth decay. Tooth decay is the most common dental disorder. Tooth decay is found mostly in children and young adults. But it can also affect persons of any age at any time. Different bacteria are normally present in the mouth. All foods especially sugar and starch gets converted into acids by these bacteria. Bacteria, acids, food debris, and saliva are the four ingredients which combine in the mouth and change into a sticky substance called Plaque. This process mostly takes place at the back teeth above the gum lines and at the edges of the fillings. If this sticky substance is not removed from teeth on time it changes into tartar. This plaque create hole in the tooth by dissolving the enamel surface of the teeth. In start cavities are usually painless. But when they grow in size and effect nerve with the passage of time then these cavities are painful. The symptoms of the tooth decay include toothache after taking sweet, hot or cold foods or drink. Visible pits and holes on the surface of the teeth are other symptoms. Cavities in the teeth can be diagnosed at early stage during routine treatment. Pain of the cavities is not felt until it reaches the advance stage. Treatments for cavities are filling, crowns, root canal.

In filling the dentist removes the decay tooth material from the infected teeth and fills the space with the silver alloy, gold, porcelain or composite resin. Mostly dentists prefer porcelain and composite resin as they match with the natural tooth appearance. These materials are often used for the filling of back teeth. Crown is used when there is extensive tooth decay but cavity is limited. Extensive decay and limited cavity weekend the teeth and increase the risk of the tooth breaking. In crown treatment the damage part is removed and repaired and crown is fixed to the remainder. Root canal is carried out when the cavity damage the nerves of the teeth. In root canal the center of the teeth and the pulp is removed. Damage portion of the root is also removed. Then roots are filled with some sealing material. After that the tooth is filled and crown is fixed if needed.

Intrusion is harmful for personal PCs, organizations, government agencies sensitive installations such as nuclear, space and military programs. Some of the high profile intrusive events are given below. In 1997 Department of Defense systems were hacked for a year and unclassified sensitive information was extracted. In 1999 NASA systems were hacked for file listing and people directories. Parking tools were installed as reference points. Attacks were reported on US official sites during American bombing of Chinese Embassy in Belgrade in 1999. According to data gathered in 1999 there were daily 80 to 100 attacks on US military systems. The sophistication of attacks had increased, such as limiting number of ping etc.

In early days intrusions were carried out by experts to gauge there skills. They developed their own tools and wrote their own scripts. Later on hacking was carried out due to other factors such as financial, political and military. Mostly e-commerce web sites are targeted for financial gains.

To deal with these problems IDS are developed. These systems are handled and monitored by professionals. The IDS warns administrator when suspicious activity takes place. If IDS has active response then it will carry counterattack. The IDS gather data such as network taps, syslog record and audit record. These data are fed into detection algorithm. The ability of detection algorithm to map data to attack or normal data determines its effectiveness. The detection algorithm is considered to be effective if its detection rate is high and its false alarm rate is low.

IDs are classified into signature detection and anomaly detection. Signature detection uses intrusion models to detect the events that misuse the system. All the incoming events are matched with intrusion models and if there is match then it is considered as an attack. Intrusion model can be portion of TCP packet such as flags etc.

It is effective in case of known attacks for which intrusion models are present but it cannot detect new form of attacks. Sometimes false alarms are generated which leads to wastage of time for administrator. To effective counter an attack sometimes multiple signatures are used but it increases processing time and packets are dropped due to buffer overflow. Therefore balancing act is required between strong signatures and data rate.

Anomaly detection use normal use models. They are based on statistics and behavior of network activity. All the activities are compared with models and if they are not matched then they are considered as attacks.

Anomaly detection work to specific network environment and generate lot of false alarms because mostly activities do not match with normal use models. For example anomaly detection will consider rapid increase in SMTP traffic due to some event as Denial of Service attack in times when normally there is low traffic. Events can be election or earthquake etc.

Protocol Anomaly Detection is based on well defined RFCs. Generally IDS are used after firewall to prevent application level intrusion where as it can be used for intrusion detection at network level, application level and commands level.

RFC define the behavior of protocol in detail therefore Protocol Anomaly Detection is easier to build. It consists of states where Intrusion detection system goes from one state to other based on specified rules. Mapping can be provided for violation at each state so that administrator can understand about the kind of attack. RFC of TCP defines states such as closed, listen, synsent, synrcvd, establised, time_wait etc and these can be helpful in designing network based intrusion detection system. PAD is based on normal use model or correct behavior model therefore if activity does not match with model then it is considered as attack.

NIMDA malware was designed to attack IIS and IE. After attacking a system it propagated to other systems. It used the Extended Unicode Directory Traversal vulnerability by using overlong UTF-8 characters, whereas Unicode Standard only allow shortest form of Unicode string to be interpreted. When these Uniform Resource Identifiers were decoded, they allowed remote excess to cmd.exe in system.

If PAD is used for application level ID such as HTTP then it will have states. When the client sends the request which include encoded URIs, IDS is in ‘Client Request’ state. It has to perform validation before moving to ‘Server send’ state. As request consists of encoded URI therefore it has to follow Unicode standard rules which do not allow overlong UTF-8 characters. The IDS will warn the administrator about the NIMDA attack. Signature detection systems were unable to detect this attack because it was new kind of attack.

In SMTP all commands have maximum size therefore single check on command can prevent buffer overrun because PAD matches size of each command in case of match failure the command is considered as an attack. In Signature detection system there will be signature for each attack.

The email address has limited number of allowed characters therefore processing of address characters can detect any executable code.

PAD system is easier to implement because it is based on protocols defined in RFCs. Whereas Signature detection Systems are difficult to design because there are few right behaviors many wrong behaviors and to design each and every possible wrong behavior is a difficult task. Similarly anomaly detection systems are based on statistics in certain environment therefore they are difficult to implement in real life. PAD system can detect both known and unknown attacks where as signature detection system only detects known attacks, as in case of NIMDA malware.

In PAD system single check at any state can detect different attacks that are based on same protocol violation. In case of signature detection system, each attack require corresponding intrusion model. PAD system only updates when there is change in protocol’s RFC. As we know that changes in protocol’s RFC are few and takes long time periods therefore its updates is also minimal. As number of new viruses, worms increases over time therefore in case of signature detection system there are new signatures for each new attack and the system requires frequent up gradation.

The processing time in PAD system is fast because few rules govern each state. Therefore there is never buffer overflow because of intrusion detection processing of packets. In case of signature detection, each packet has to match multiple signatures therefore it takes lot of processing time, which can lead to buffer overflow. The incoming packets will be dropped and the data rate will be affected. PAD system can detect command based attacks. As commands are executed in sequence therefore any command that is out of sequence will be considered as an attack. PAD system is vulnerable to virus or worm attacks which do not violate protocol rules. Such as email attachments which can carry viruses or worms.

The cavy or guinea pig is one of the most charming household pets. If you want to make friends with one of these little animals always approach its cage with gentle gestures and avoid all sudden movements.

Give the guinea pig plenty of fresh vegetables, but make sure you remove all the leftovers in case they go bad for it is important that the bottom of the cage is clean.

The guinea pig loves maize, fruit, vegetables (especially carrots), lettuce leaves, and the core and peel of apples. If it gets plenty of vegetables it does not need to drink. It also likes a little bran.

The cage must be quite big so that the guinea pig can run up and down, and it should have a raised platform where the guinea pig can make its bed. The sawdust on the floor should be changed daily and the whole cage cleaned every week and disinfected about once a month.

During the summer the guinea pig can be put in a fenced-off part of the garden, but make sure that the fence is strong enough or the guinea pig will run away. Whenever it is allowed to wander freely about the house or in the garden, always make certain there are no cats or dogs about because they will attack it.

When guinea pigs are born they are already highly developed, furry, open-eyed and able to eat solid food. After only a few hours they can run about with their mother and are weaned in about two weeks.

Before designing any computer-based system, it is essential and helpful to establish the objectives that the computer based system should satisfy. In addition, the relative importance of each objective should be established, keeping in mind the drawbacks of the existing system, the following objectives of the proposed system are made.

Efficiency: Efficiency is the degree to which the software makes optimal use of system resources as indicated by the following sub-attributes: time behavior, resource behavior. The proposed system will be more efficient than existing system.

Data Security: The data required for decision-making is highly sensitive and valuable. Therefore, giving a regular and guaranteed service added with a secure reliability of the proposed system to user is a top priority.

Time Factor: The required queries and reports can be produced quickly.

Accuracy: The system will provide accurate information, needed for decision-making. It will ensure efficient and accurate record keeping.

Flexibility: The system allows for changes and amendments to incorporate future requirements of the management.

User Friendliness: User will communicate with the system through simple conversation. No specialized computer staff will be required.

Productivity: Significant reduction of clerical staff will lead to much improved staff productivity.

Reliability: The new system is more reliable than the manual due to its accuracy and security so that timely decision making may be possible.

Comprehensive Database: The proposed system have comprehensive database in which facilities of which insertion, modification retrieval of records and facilities of various queries and reports are available.

Minimizing the Redundancy: The proposed system controls redundancy. This means that the files are designed in such a way that minimum data is duplicated in the files.

Ease of Operation: Menu driven facility is provided in the proposed system. Hence it is easier to operate. Screen guides the operator through the system to perform various tasks.

Quite often ii spring newly born birds fall from the nest and lie helplessly on the ground. What can we do to aid these poor little creatures?

First of all they need a warm nest. A small box or basket stuffed with woolen rags is perfect for this. If the little bird is only a few days old it will have to be kept warm. This can be done by keeping a 25-watt bulb alight over the box. The bulb should be shaded so that the light does not distress the bird. The box is best kept in a quiet corner, preferably in subdued light, and away from draughts and gas fumes. It must be placed well out of the reach of domestic pets.

The biggest problem is how to feed the fledgling. If it gets the wrong food it will die. A young bird also has to have certain quantities of food given to it at certain intervals. In normal conditions nestlings are fed about every ten minutes by their parents. If they go for more than one hour without food they begin to be ill.

As to be kind of food, birds normally eat insects, grubs and worms. They enjoy maggots but they will also take flies. Use a pair of tweezers with rounded ends of feed the bird.